Energy and Energy Supply Group Discussion Notes

Develop a list of energy items (Categorizer)

1. Operation conditions being assumed for this camp: population under 20K, wood is in limited supply, no electricity, limited water.

2. Develop a package for cooking. Exploration of traditional cooking methods using LPG.

3. Develop a package for providing electric services-providing personal and security lighting.

4. Develop package for keeping people warm -- propane trickle brazier. Thermal

1. Simple refrigeration units developed in Nigeria using clay pots, sand and water. Evaporation creates cooling.

2. Refrigeration

3. combined hot water/laundry/drying apparatus, all solar

4. Simple refrigeration units developed in Nigeria using clay pots, sand and water. Evaporation creates cooling.

5. Develop a list of items which address, domestic engery and organizational energy supply that can be completed in the next 6 months.

Thermal: Warmth

1. Sewage waste from a community of several hundred can produce enough methane through biodigestors for cooking needs of 8-10 people.

2. Wood is culturally connected to way of life. difficult to change. Collection of sticks most prevelant.

3. Organic diesel fuels. Plant oils plus ethanol as a renewable cooking fuel.

4. Forestry management. Must manage wood supply for cooking and possibly heating.

5. Heating

6. Heating depends on shelter quality, environment, climate

7. Alt fuels -- source, supply and cost issues -- refugees usually and always use wood. Not a bad fuel source if properly managed.

8. Couple waste management (anerobic digestion) with methan production and distribution for cooking.

9. Space heating: trombe walls, passive heating systems

10. enclosed food production/sunspaces

11. solar glazing production

12. turn waste into fuel bricks. (what kind of waste streams are available at the camp?)

13. Warmth: proper shelter design, nutrition, ?improved clothing; then spot heating (kotatsu or radiant); last resort is space heating (heating outer space)

14. Coal used in some places in Afghanistan for heating.

15. Braziers for spot heating: traditional. Sandelei-manqal: Afghan word for the brazier. Small, portable, but not one of the items usually taken by families to the camp.

16. Also traditional in Afghan homes: south-facing sun room, collects heat during day, transfers via underground to other rooms at night.

Thermal: Cooking

1. Very efficient cooking pots -- with double walls and lids. Could be made by village metalsmith.

2. Sewage waste from a community of several hundred can produce enough methane through biodigestors for cooking needs of 8-10 people.

3. Wood is culturally connected to way of life. difficult to change

4. We need whole systems approaches with efficient cookstoves, fuel and pots. Optimizing on one item is not a good approach.

5. Organic diesel fuels. Plant oils plus ethanol as a renewable cooking fuel.

6. Forestry management. Must manage wood supply for cooking and possibly heating.

7. Cooking

8. Family of 5 uses 3 kg of dry fuelwood per day for cooking.

9. Alt fuels -- source, supply and cost issues -- refugees usually and always use wood. Not a bad fuel source if properly managed.

10. Multi-fuel cookstoves -- wood, gas, twigs, dungcakes.

11. Solar water purifiers as per gaviotas can provide boiling water for cooking potentially.

12. Couple waste management (anerobic digestion) with methan production and distribution for cooking.

13. Very efficient cooking pots with double walled. Pressure cookers are available in Afghanistan and are in common use, however, they're considered luxury items. double lid (Swiss Durotherm) and with internal gas path (UK "Volcano" kettle) makeable by a village metalsmith, disassembliable for cleaning, rugged, stable {#65}

14. On the heating/cooking side:

15. food drying

16. Institution of bottled gas for cooking. Bottles would be refilled. Might be lower potential for it to be stolen from camp. Less carbon monoxide concern with propane.

17. Cooking. Consider LPG, biogas, wood, solar as appropriate. Emphasize efficient usage practices and pots. Consider Gaviotas-style solar/hx/htfluid communal cooker -- even, given altitude, pressure cooker array -- for school/hospital/other inst'l use (though cooking normally emphasizes family or several-family groups) {#80}

18. turn waste into fuel bricks. (what kind of waste streams are available at the camp?)

19. Heat recovery from nan bread oven? Integrate bakery with communal space.

20. Women are primary cookers, need to recognize they are in charge of this, and would need to be educated in different use of cooking methods or fuel.

Thermal: Hot water

1. Solar water purifiers as per gaviotas can provide boiling water for cooking potentially.

2. water heating

3. Clean water, considering: Gadgil's PV/UV, Gaviotas vacuum-tube solar,... (non-energy ones like Murcott earthenware-pots/Cl is in Water group)

Electricity: Applications

1. Security lighting critical for settlements. (use of motion sensors? Time needed thru-out night/very early morning--morning prayers done before first light, followed by women beginning to cook. Size of lights?)

2. communications

3. solar refrigeration for vaccines

4. waste treatment energy/pumps, motors, etc

5. solar icemaker -- are these feasible? would electric power help in icemaking?

6. Clean water, considering: Gadgil's PV/UV, Gaviotas vacuum-tube solar,... (non-energy ones like Murcott earthenware-pots/Cl is in Water group)

7. irrigation/water pumping

8. General lighting applications: task lighting (i.e., women's craft making, children reading at night) & options: LEDs / solar battery charged.

9. Personal lighting technologies.

Electricity: Supply

1. Solar or wind systems for electricity ranging from homes to health, water, security lighting 2. manual power into flywheels for power (eg, for light at night, for radios, for battery charging) Electricity: Configuration

1. 1. Distributed, modular, fractal, portable solar electricity. Consider: - DC bus (can accept inverter later) for simplest connectivity to LED... lighting, GSM and higher-bandwidth wireless telecom, pumping, refrigeration,... - Bundled with superefficient end-use devices (med refig, ltg, pumping,...) - Deliberately incompatible with AC thermal loads (hotplates, waterheaters etc) to avoid S African ESKOM PV problem - Accommodates optional storage - DC bus (can accept inverter later) for simplest connectivity to LED... lighting, GSM and higher-bandwidth wireless telecom, pumping, refrigeration,... {#19} - Bundled with superefficient end-use devices (med refig, ltg, pumping,...) {#22} - Deliberately incompatible with AC thermal loads (hotplates, waterheaters etc) to avoid S African ESKOM PV problem {#26} - Accommodates optional storage {#27} Need early standardization of bus voltage (24?) and of plug-and-play connectors {#34}

2. Battery recharging for home system

3. Power needed in camp for lighting-security.

Delivery: Education

1. Identify the people to work with in the camp - people with interest and/or experience with energy systems.

2. Imbed training of local installation and manintenance as part of initial deployment, hire locals immediately

3. Question: how can we identify local partners (ngos, universities) and train them in these systems in advance, or during the emergency phase, to support, maintain, and educate about the systems?

4. Importing products with multiple benefits - immediate problem solving, educational benefits, ability to help new businesses, possibilities to manufacture

5. Programs to develop understanding of the importance of shrubs and trees that form part of a sustainable landscape. THis starts in camps, extends to communities upon returning home -- and spreads to general landscape.

6. Have flow chart for immediate on-the-ground implementation and then for longer-term implementation.

Delivery: Business Opportunity

1. Manufacturing opportunities - pv (Ishok Sharayar), foot pumps (ApproTec), Gaviotas designs.

2. Find products or services (fuel? charged batteries?) that can be provided to surrounding host country communities as benefits. they should be non-competitve with existing local sources if possible. (of course, the choice whether to distribute locally must be made on the ground)

3. consume waste or other low-value inputs from the host country markets, thereby creating value for the host country

4. Cost recovery? leading to business formation.

5. Indentify manufacturing opportunities for required products and tools, find people to carry forward, maintain, and install

6. Importing products with multiple benefits - immediate problem solving, educational benefits, ability to help new businesses, possibilities to manufacture

7. Will there be a cost-recovery

Delivery: Supply

1. Identify the people to work with in the camp - people with interest and/or experience with energy systems.

2. Identify products that can serve multiple purposes - alleviate problems in the camp, prove useful back in country, and form the basis or tool for new business opportunities.

3. Depending on anticipated length of stay, look at village-level power opportunities

4. Need to institute "management and control" system for hardware deployed

5. List needs and problems, brainstorm solutions and tools.

6. package at least 3 alternative solutions for each requirement (cooking, battery charging, water pumping), so that adapations and choices can be combined on the ground, and so that backup solutions are provided

7. Need to quickly assess solar, wind, hydro, biomass and water supply resources

8. Range of modular technology options available, and application/configuration can wait to get field application needs assessment, build accordingly

9. Concentrate on appropriate technology rather than state of the art technology. 10. Portable and scaleable technology

11. Import products with multi-purpose possibilites: solve immediate problem, training/educational, business generating possibilities, possibile manufacturing in country.

12. Security issues -- things will be stolen for value -- incl. solar cookers, alt fuel cookers, pots -- firewood is free -- only labor. How to change this dynamic. What zero cost/zero value solutions can we devise?

13. Question: how can devices be packaged for rapid adoption during the emergency phase?

14. Importing products with multiple benefits - immediate problem solving, educational benefits, ability to help new businesses, possibilities to manufacture 15. Fuels/Mobility Project Template (Group Outliner)

1. Develop a package for cooking.

Exploration of traditional cooking methods using LPG. Develop a container with alternatives for cooking that can be flown into a country. {#70} Need something that you can get up and running quickly {#71} Good pots are adaptable to different soltions. {#72} Assessment issues are critical...fuels, cultures, etc. {#73} Develop container modules that people can pack into larger containers that can be sent {#74} Solar cooking for daytime, conserve wood for other times {#75} Do not bring an experiment to a refugee camp {#76} Alternative fuels such as gases and kerosene create large problems with black market and training problems. people are not familar with cooking with gas. {#77} Will a gas system be sustainable? {#78} Is any fuel source that is imported sustainable? {#79} Reforestation and forestry management {#80} The reality is that community feeding does not work in the field {#81} The design of housing units can contribute to the opportunity for community feeding {#82} Maybe providing a mill with the intial food drop would be useful. This could lower the fuel consumption from the early stages. {#83} Solar potable water source that comes from the source hot may be useful {#84} pre-preparaton of food will save energy {#85} Cultures value the time spent around the fire. Cooking is on the only usage for fire. Solar may have failed due to people wanting to spend time around the fire {#86} Quick assessment critical to providing solution as early in the process as possible. {#87} ID alternative fuels...wind, solar, gas, etc. {#88} Security aspect for collecting wood {#89} The stove can be built more efficient if it is using gas.. {#90}

1.1 Purpose of project To investigate the provision of LPG gas systems for domestic and bakery cooking. {#91}

1.2 Description Develop and implement a pilot project in a target refugee village that includes: provision of LPG bottled gas, provision of LPG stoves/ovens, and high efficiency cooking pots. {#94} Stove/oven and pot design should be integrated to ensure good heat transfer, preheating of combustion air by heat otherwise wasted, physical stability and safety, and other good design elements. More on efficient pots: These can probably save more fuel (of any kind) than improved stoves, with less or no cultural difficulty, yet are not on anyone's agenda. Perhaps a technically oriented group like GTZ, preferably one familiar with South Asian metalworking skills, could be asked to do the development. The main concepts to be considered and if possible combined are: - Double wall and double lid, like the Swiss DuroTherm (Kuhn Metallwarenfabrik, Rikon). This saves about 2/5 of cooking fuel on conventional gas stoves; improves nutrition and flavour (because the food needn't be overcooked by excessive heat flux through it, mainly escaping from the pot, before the food can get hot); and uses less water and oil for cooking. After cooking, the pot can be taken off the heat source and put on a double base, which is sufficiently insulating that the food stays hot for hours. - Internal gas path with enhanced heat transfer. The archetype here is the British "Volcano" kettle, popular before World War II. It had a truncated cone coming up through the middle, surrounded by annular fins to transfer heat from the hot gas rising through the cone into the space between the cone and the outer walls of the kettle. If you crumpled up a sheet of newspaper underneath the kettle and lit it, you'd have a kettle of boiling water in less than a minute. - Possibly enhanced gas-to-metal heat transfer. A kettle made in Kidderminster, U.K., and sometimes offered in the Williams-Sonoma mail-order catalog, has a heavy copper coil and perforated rim round the base. On a gas stove, this arrangement makes the gas flow so turbulent that nearly all the heat goes into the water rather than escaping around the sides of the kettle. While a Volcano-like geometry might not require this enhancement, because it channels nearly all the combustion gas upwards through the middle of the kettle, it might still be desirable, or might suggest opportunities to improve heat transfer from gas to cone without reducing cleanability on the inside. - Design for local or regional manufacturing and for disassembly to permit cleaning, e.g. after cooking rice or dal. - Consider whether there are simple ways to treat exterior surfaces for reduced far-infrared emittance. There are individuals and firms with substantial expertise in cookware design.* Most are in industry, NGOs, or governments. An effort should be made to assemble an ad-hoc task force with modest shop/lab resources to develop, test, and improve a family of vernacular designs for superefficient cooking pots. This design would then be made widely available for local manufacture and should become the standard for pots distributed by UNHCR and other relief agencies. Regardless of the cooking fuel, it should be possible, by judicious combinations of the technologies just mentioned, to more than double fuel efficiency by pot design alone. *Examples include Sam Baldwin, US Dept of Energy, Washington DC; Joergen Noergaard, Tech. U. of Denmark / Lyngby; and the Kuhn staff in Rikon. {#188}

1.3 In which of the three "stages of encampment" will this project take place: From UNHCR Manual - Emergency, Care & maintenance, Durable solution Late emergency stage (if existing camp) to "care and maintenance" of existing camp expected to remain for at least 6 months {#97}

1.4 How will this idea be integrated into life in the camp(s)? Define a portion of the camp, through dialogue with camp administration and personnel, to target for installation of 100 units. This project should be coordinated with implementation and testing of the manqal night heating system within the same "homes" {#105}

1.5 How does this idea relate to other project ideas? Couple project implementation into parallel effort on LPG brasier heaters. {#110}

1.6 Who knows how to develop and implement this project? For LPG distribution -- oil companies or new "gas distribution" entity. Need refilling stations located in camp (multiple points) plus bulk supply to camp distribution points. Suggest portable 3 gal, 30# bottles {#112} Also need local mangement and refilling expertise. Tracking of bottles. Either allocation by ration scheme, or preferably pay, and have to return the bottle to get a new bottle. {#121}

1.7 Is this project applicable to displaced populations in other climates and cultures?

1.8 What organizations must be involved, in order for this project to succeed? Cook stove supplier, modified, simplified, low cost, yet rugged {#122} Training program in-camp to show how to use and safety concerns. Also include recepies based on locally supplied ingredients -- consistent with cultural norms. {#123}

1.9 When can this project be ready for use? With LPG and gas stove supplier support, very soon, less than 6 months {#124}

1.10 Rough cost in people and materials: At scale of a few hundred units: - LPG supply, will be locally dependent on availabiltiy of LPG and LPG tanker, and supply of distribution bottles. - Gas stoves, would need to be less than $40 each -- This needs investigation with suppliers. - Development of training materials, and train the trainer program - Logistics and delivery. Total pilot program implementation cost would be maybe $200K, depending largely on issue surrounding LPG supply. {#127}

1.11 Sources of support-who can provide: Advice, Technical assistance, money or in-kind contributions? Colman company, or other camping equipment supplier. Need tests for CO emissions. Money??? {#131}

1.12 Next steps: Who will do what next, and by when. Don't know {#132}

1.13 Time required for project experiment (or first application).

1.14 How and by whom will first implementers be trained? Don't Know {#134}

1.15 Method for educating teachers whom will propagate this project in other circumstances?

1.16 By what measures will we know it works and is replicable? Community acceptance. No major distribution supply problems. Demand by community, through word of mouth for more! {#136}

1.17 Barriers to implementation: financial, technical, legal, political, cultural, institutional, geographic, ethical, medical, and philosophical. Start-up financial costs (availability and cost of LPG, and initial capital for cook stoves) No significant technical barriers anticipated. No legal barriers, unless on LPG supply side. Political -- again tied to LPG supply. Cultural -- cooking concerns, training, acceptance are a worry, but can probably be overcome with "right" approach. Institutional -- Acceptance with UNHCR and others responsible for delivery of services to camps Geographic -- Supply of LPG Ethical -- None Medical -- Concern over CO emissions for braiser application at night -- need testing. Philosophical -- use of fossil fuels {#144}

1.18 How to overcome barriers? Education, training of users. Political will within UNHCR to try somethign new. Support from LPG supplier Support from major oil corporation interested in developing gas in Afghanistan Money from someplace. {#146}

1.19 List activities that must take place for this project to succeed. Include who will or should do each.

1.20 Successes with similar projects. None known {#147} 1.21 Sources of reference material for this idea Catalogues, internet, human resources within group assembled here. {#148}

2. Develop a package for providing electric services -- providing personal and security lighting.

2.1 Purpose of project Provide personal lighting for : a) personal security b) craft work after dark c) literacy {#92} Provide security/area lighting for: a) secure access to latrines b) general security/safety in refugee camps {#93} Provide lighting for community services: a) hospitals/medical clinics b) schools {#96} Power supplies for water supply and purification {#151}

2.2 Description Provide individual lighting -- solar or other-method rechargeable battery -- LED lights. {#99} Business development opportunity for community recharging stations during the day through pedal, solar or wind as appropriate. {#101} Area lighting through solar rechargeable batteries/off-grid with overlapping coverage so no gaps/dark spots in coverage areas. {#103} Production of personal devices in camps. {#104} Day lighting techniques for schools through reflective eaves. {#106}

2.3 In which of the three "stages of encampment" will this project take place: From UNHCR Manual - Emergency, Care & maintenance, Durable solution This could happen in all three stages - initial flashlight given on entry, a recharging microenterprise business, and use for planning and implementing post-camp experiences. {#129}

2.4 How will this idea be integrated into life in the camp(s)? As a microenterprise. {#130} A recharging station would make each individual system much less expensive - the most expensive component (the solar module) would belong to the business. Instead of small and more expensive per watt modules, a more economical larger module could be used. This also minimizes the educational requirements and opens the door for other energy sources like DC generators, wind, and micro-hydro. {#174}

2.5 How does this idea relate to other project ideas? A recharging station could be used by almost all the other groups, for anything that need power. {#137}

2.6 Who knows how to develop and implement this project? The Sustainable Village, Kyocera Solar, Siements Solar, BP solar, many solar distributors and dealers. {#138}

2.7 Is this project applicable to displaced populations in other climates and cultures? Yes. {#140}

2.8 What organizations must be involved, in order for this project to succeed? Whichever ones are involved with securing supplies and training refugees. {#141}

2.9 When can this project be ready for use? Immediately. {#142}

2.10 Rough cost in people and materials: LED flashlights can cost as little as $5 each. Larger systems all depend on brightness of light required, hours per day used, and resources available - light, wind, fossil fuels, etc. {#143} Significant personal lighting pilot project could be done for about $20-30K Security lighting project would need $150K to do around 50 units. {#157}

2.11 Sources of support-who can provide: Advice, Technical assistance, money or in-kind contributions? Could be part of initial budget. As a micro-enteprise, this could be self-funded. {#145} U.S. solar suppliers for product definition and supply. USAID, DOE or other bi-lateral donors for funds. Possibly major PV supplier like Shell or BP would be interested in "donation" of equipment to reduce costs. Possibly private foundations {#160}

2.12 Next steps: Who will do what next, and by when. We need a task-force group to follow up, make recommendations, design and size products for specific applicatios. {#149}

2.13 Time required for project experiment (or first application). Immediate. {#150} Field deployment in 6 months after identification of funds, target site, and "go ahead" {#161}

2.14 How and by whom will first implementers be trained? Task Force. {#152} Task force made up of team from suppliers, system integrator, and project manager {#164}

2.15 Method for educating teachers whom will propagate this project in other circumstances? Task force planned action. {#153} Training program built into security lighting deployment. Local folks left in charge of maintenance, along with supply of spare parts. {#166}

2.16 By what measures will we know it works and is replicable? Feedback loop between people in the camp and task force here. {#154}

2.17 Barriers to implementation: financial, technical, legal, political, cultural, institutional, geographic, ethical, medical, and philosophical. Theft and temptations to sell on the black market. {#155} Maintenance of field equipment, particularly lights and batteries, particularly if they become "target practice" for people in the camps {#167}

2.18 How to overcome barriers? Identification at the recharging station - the lights won't work if they're not recharged. {#158} On security lighting -- peer pressure from womens groups in camps {#169} Maintenance schedule and trained maintenance personnel {#171}

2.19 List activities that must take place for this project to succeed. Include who will or should do each. Need good product sourcing by a compatibile company. Need good communication between camp group member and knowledgeable people here - the task force group. {#159} Coherent, transparent program management and implementation in target village supported fully by UNHCR or other camp overseight team. {#173}

2.20 Successes with similar projects. Large numbers of PV security lights have been installed around the world. The challenge is sustainable maintenance. {#179} NE Brazilian system done by Golden Genesis as battery charging system. Total has developed a solar lantern recharging card. Jade Mountain designed and installed a central recharging station at the Red Feather Lakes Shambhala Center for rechaging lanterns and flashlight batteries. Morningstar also developed a metered charge controller. {#184}

2.21 Sources of reference material for this idea The Sustainable Village catalogs. Report by World Bank on using solar lanterns in Africa done by Mark Hankins, Energy Alternatives, Kenya. {#163} Company catalogues, Internet {#181}

3. Develop package for keeping people warm -- propane trickle brazier.

3.1 Purpose of project Provide personal warmth to family groups in the evening and at night in cold climates, in a way that reinforces family cohesion and traditional practices. {#95}

3.2 Description Afghan families are accustomed to heating their feet and lower legs by sitting together (sandelei) around a table, covered with a heavy quilt, with a small charcoal brazier (manqal) underneath -- an arrangement similar to the Japanese kotatsu. The brazier, containing coals covered with ash, stays hot for many hours. People often go to sleep in the same positions by leaving their lower extremities under the brazier-warmed quilt and stretching out on their sleeping mats. {#102} Using LPG from the start could greatly decrease the time, logistics cost, and environmental damage of seeking firewood; eliminate indoor smoke, hence eye damage; free up time of women and children for earning, education, etc.; and not expose women to security risks while foraging for firewood. One participant suggested that a hydrocarbon company that donates equipment or makes LPG available to camps on concessionary terms could in return receive preference in subsequent development of its national market. Whether this can work will depend on local circumstances. {#114} In some circumstances, LPG provision under a public/private partnership could be viewed as cause marketing. {#128} Fuel could be obtained by a fuel-for-work program, the work being (for example) "practice" agroforestry in the camp or watershed rehabilitation for the surrounding area. The LPG vendor may have a market interest in educating a future post-refugee market to use this product. {#125} Greatly reducing mine/UXO injuries from wood-foraging may be the biggest benefit of switching to LPG. We are aware that relief agencies will perceive LPG as an unaccustomed cost. However, we suspect that the many avoided, off-the-books but very real, social costs of wood dependence, considered on a whole-system basis, could make LPG look quite attractive. {#119} Assuming LPG (liquefied natural gas = propane/butane) cooking systems to provide most cooking services without pressure on wood supplies and time to gather them, we want to experiment with a small LPG manqal that uses only a tiny trickle of LPG. If that doesn't work well, LPG cooking could simply be complemented by a modest supply of charcoal for the traditional manqal and samovar. LPG-based infrastructure could discourage black-market resale of gas bottles by limiting the supply of hose wrenches (and perhaps cooking devices). Women would be much safer against accidents, assault, and carbon monoxide poisoning with LPG than with kerosene, which is also easier to aggregate and resell on the black market. These attributes probably make LPG worth its logistics cost, especially since LPG is presumably to be separated from dry gas going into the trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline. {#107} We suggest that the manqal developed be dual-fuel -- suitable for either charcoal or LPG. This will cost considerably less than two separate devices. Indeed, the LPG [catalytic?] combustor could be a snap-in module added to the standard charcoal manqal. {#120}

3.3 In which of the three "stages of encampment" will this project take place: From UNHCR Manual - Emergency, Care & maintenance, Durable solution All, starting with the first cold season, although the LPG cooking would be instituted from the beginning. (One of its objectives is to free up more of women's time; other groups will consider better uses for that time.) {#108}

3.4 How will this idea be integrated into life in the camp(s)? Have people with cultural knowledge decide whether to give, rent, or sell the units. If LPG supply doesn't happen or falters, consider having traditional charcoal braziers available as alternative or backup. {#109}

3.5 How does this idea relate to other project ideas? Important to have insulated, low-air-infiltration shelters. For example, tents might be covered with foam under snowfly (if snow will still shed properly) or lined with foil-covered bubblepack (FoilRay) or both. Mudbrick buildings should try to incorporate south-facing sunspace inside courtyard (also a traditional Afghan architectural feature). {#111} LPG supply also useful for mantle lanterns as backup to PV high-efficiency area and personal lighting, especially for larger facilities or public areas. {#116}

3.6 Who knows how to develop and implement this project? Will need to combine cultural knowledge of manqal/sandalei arrangement with technical knowledge of LPG combustion that is widespread in the gas/LPG industry. May want to use a catalytic miniature burner that doesn't have a free flame and can't emit carbon monoxide. {#113} LPG-trickle manqal will typically have its own LPG bottle, rather than an armoured hose from the cooking LPG bottle. {#118}

3.7 Is this project applicable to displaced populations in other climates and cultures? Cultural acceptance should be wide through the cold climates of Asia. Unknown in other parts of the world. Unimportant for hot climates. LPG cooking applicable in most of the world. {#115}

3.8 What organizations must be involved, in order for this project to succeed? LPG supplier / logistics organization, LPG technology and safety expert(s), those with cultural knowledge, those who understand issues of avoiding black-market behavior between camp and surrounding community -- all closely coordinated. {#117}

3.9 When can this project be ready for use? To get and understand an existing manqal, design and test an improved one (especially if locally manufacturable), prototype, test, improve, test in a village, and arrange to make more for deployment in camps might, if well coordinated, take on the order of a year. Exploration of smarter ways to do LPG supply for this purpose and principally for cooking could proceed in parallel. {#126}

3.10 Rough cost in people and materials: Rough estimate: $200k for RD&D. Dual-fuel manqal cost speculative but probably manufacturable in-country for a few dollars to perhaps $10; that figure should be supported by proper analysis. {#133} This doesn't include the cost of the table or quilt, which should be ascertained from local experts. {#135}

3.11 Sources of support-who can provide: Advice, Technical assistance, money or in-kind contributions? Should be of interest to gas, oil, and LPG companies (e.g. Osaka Gas Co, Japan) and their research centers. Properly approached, they may be willing to contribute in-kind RD&D services. {#139}

3.12 Next steps: Who will do what next, and by when. Identify Afghan or nearby nationals working in hydrocarbon industries who would like to help. Search for tiny catalytic LPG heaters/combustors in existing market, particularly in S Asia. (For example, a Brazilian firm makes or made an LPG clothes-iron.) Get and lab-test a conventional manqal (from an expat Afghan?) to determine its heat output. Assemble a task force that can undertake development as volunteers and test through NGOs, OR Find an official sponsor and organize conventionally (probably takes longer). Figure out how to do independent safety evaluations built into design/testing process. Have camp experts think with LPG experts about tank sizes, how to minimize black-market leakage, refill logistics, etc. Find one or more early test sites early, perhaps through NGOs. Try to design as an "ever-glowing coal" to insert into an existing manqal. {#156}

3.13 Time required for project experiment (or first application). 6 months, after identifying partners, until some number of trial units are available for demonstration on site. Full implmentation, including production of one unit per household in a camp (3000?) would be an additional 4 months. {#162} This project is part of a coordinated design that substitutes LPG for wood in an Afghan setting. The provision of the LPG infrastructure must be done simultaneous with the final installation stage. {#165}

3.14 How and by whom will first implementers be trained? LPG is believed to be in use in other nearby developing countries such as India, as well as in the developed world. Aid workers and Afghans could understand LPG applications with visits to appropriate sites in these countries (the train-the-trainers stage). The additional info need to use the LPG manqal is minimal -- it plugs into the same LPG systems. {#168} In the development phase of the project, the manqal developers would visit Afghanistan to trial and refine the design. They would return for initial installation and demonstration and could train some trainers at that time. {#172}

3.15 Method for educating teachers whom will propagate this project in other circumstances? See 3.14 {#170}

3.16 By what measures will we know it works and is replicable? Wood use reduction should be measured. {#176} Wood use reduction should be measured. {#175} Adoption by refugees can be measured. Reversion to charcoal or coal can also be measured. {#177} Survey to see what other heating solutions take hold, esp where these manqals are not used. People will do something to keep warm at night, and if it's not the manqal, then there's a problem. {#178}

3.17 Barriers to implementation: financial, technical, legal, political, cultural, institutional, geographic, ethical, medical, and philosophical. Institutional resistance: Adopting an LPG infrastructure in a camp is a big step. Fuel delivery is different (trucks of fuel instead of more frequent trucks of wood), installation and use of equipment for refilling bottles, arranging education of end-users. {#180} LPG delivery: If trucks of LPG cannot come to the camp, this is a non-starter. Air delivery is not feasible. {#182} Security: the camp tank would have to bermed to prevent attack by snipers. Security on the approach road is also important. {#183} Security: if conflict continues near the camp, theft or sale of bottles could be an issue (since the bottles can conceivably be converted into bombs...) {#185} Startup cost and cost accounting: More money is needed at the start, Many benefits -- the time and safety of women and children -- are not normally included in the accounting. {#190}

3.18 How to overcome barriers? Backup systems: reversion to coal or chacoal is easy in the manqal. {#186} Site survey: security and delivery options are routinely surveyed at camps, and this information will determine whether it's appropriate to even try it. LPG is only a good idea where wood supplies are inadequate, and then only when supplies are feasible. {#187}

3.19 List activities that must take place for this project to succeed. Include who will or should do each.

3.20 Successes with similar projects. The 'energy transition' from wood to hydrocarbons (coal, then oil, then gas) and finally to diverse electric power sources has been well documented in many societies. This is just one way of using refugee camps to promote that transition. This resembles kerosine use in camps, which has often been unsuccessful. A camp in Nepal has had success in this transition, by building on local cultural patterns. We attempt to do this by adopting the manqal, by using LPG rather than kersoene, and other steps. {#189}

3.21 Sources of reference material for this idea